Points to cover

• Why words are need to be represented as vectors or as intergers?

  • Because machine learning algorithms can't work with strings or text directly.
  • Because Computers are designed to compute numbers faster than strings.

• What was the state of the art before word embeddings?

  • To easily search for a sentence in a document or corpus.
  • Count Vectorizer
    • Bag of words -> Just count the words
    • N-grams -> Same as bag of words but with n words
    • TF-IDF Vectorizer -> Term Frequency - Inverse Document Frequency to find the importance of a word in a document.
    • Pros
      • Easy to implement
      • Easy to understand
    • Cons
      • No relation between words
      • Unintentional similarity between words
      • Sparse matrix
      • Unable to handle Unknown words
        CountVectorizer Example:
        source: https://learning.oreilly.com/scenarios/understanding-word-embeddings/9781492095309/

        # Importing CountVectorizer
        from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer
    
        # Using two documents
        text = [
            "Two roads diverged in a wood and I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference.",
            "The best way out is always through."
        ]
    
        # A CountVectorizer object
        vectorizer = CountVectorizer()
    
        # This method tokenizes text and generates vocabulary
        vectorizer.fit(text)
    
        print("Generated Vocabulary:")
        print(vectorizer.vocabulary_)
    
        print("\nNumber of words in the document:")
        print(len(text[0].split()) + len(text[1].split()))
    
        print("\nNumber of words in the vocabulary:")
        print(len(vectorizer.vocabulary_))
    
        # Transforming document into a vector based on vocabulary
        vector = vectorizer.transform(text)
    
        print("\nShape of the transformed vector:")
        print(vector.shape)
    
        print("\nVector representation of the document:")
        print(vector.toarray())
    

  • TfIdf Vectorizer Example:
    source: https://learning.oreilly.com/scenarios/understanding-word-embeddings/9781492095309/

        # Importing TfidfVectorizer
        from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer
    
        # Using two documents
        text = [
            "Two roads diverged in a wood and I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference.",
            "The best way out is always through."
        ]
    
        # A TfidfVectorizer object
        vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer()
    
        # This method tokenizes text and generates vocabulary
        vectorizer.fit(text)
    
        print("Generated Vocabulary:")
        print(vectorizer.vocabulary_)
    
        print("\nNumber of words in the document:")
        print(len(text[0].split()) + len(text[1].split()))
    
        print("\nNumber of words in the vocabulary:")
        print(len(vectorizer.vocabulary_))
    
        print("\nInverse document frequency:")
        print(vectorizer.idf_)
    
        # Transforming document into a vector based on vocabulary
        vector = vectorizer.transform(text)
    
        print("\nShape of the transformed vectors:")
        print(vector.shape)
    
        print("\nVector representation of the documents:")
        print(vector.toarray())
    

  • One hot encoding
    • Pros
      • No unintentional similarity
      • Easy to understand
      • Easy to implement
    • Cons
      • More disk space
      • More zero values

• Why word embeddings?

  • It tries to solve the problem that how do you represent two similar vectors which are two similar words.

• What is similarity between two words?

  • How often they appear together.
  • How often they appear near each other.
  • How often they appear in the same context.
  • Unsupervised learning

• Embedding space

  • It is a vector space where each word is represented as a vector.
  • The distance between two words in the embedding space is the similarity between them.
  • Dimensions of the embedding space is the number of features.
  • Representation in physical space.

• Relationship between words in 2D

  • Show in Odia demo
  • Describe addition and subtraction of vectors with King - Man + Woman = Queen example.
  • Show https://projector.tensorflow.org/ for 3D representation.

• How do we make word embeddings?

  • Embedding layer in neural networks
  • Word2Vec
    • CBOW (Continuous Bag of Words)
      • Predict the word given the neighbouring words.
    • Skip Gram
      • Predict the neighbouring words given the word.
    • Cons:
      • It represents the same (gender) bias as training data.
      • We can not rely on it 100%.
      • We can not debug through the dimensions on the output. -> No interpretability.
  • GloVe (Global Vectors)
    • Uses co-occurence matrix of overall corpus.
    • Co-occurence matrix is a matrix where each row and column represents a word and the value at the intersection of the row and column is the number of times the words appear together. It is a probabilistic method.
  • FastText
    • It is an extension of Word2Vec.
    • It uses subword information.
    • It uses n-grams.
    • Word2Vec and GloVe are not able to handle unknown words but FastText can handle unknown words.
    • Good for morphologically rich languages like German.
  • ELMo (Embeddings from Language Models)
    • Bidirectional LSTM
    • It is a deep contextualized word representation.

• References:

  • Word embedding by Assembly AI
  • Word Embedding Workshop by Rachel Thomas