Lecture-1: Introduction

source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dir7e3uozQU

Housekeeping stuff

Timestamp

00:00:37 Course Logistics
00:17:30 Natural Language Processing
00:26:00 Supervised Learning
00:26:45 Self-Supervised Learning
00:30:05 Transfer Learning
00:34:55 In-Context Learning
00:37:00 LLM shortcomings
01:04:55 LLM usage
01:07:36 List of topics of the course
01:09:20 Final projects

Lecture notes

|800

Supervised Learning

Self-Supervised Learning

What are the differences between Supervised Learning and Self-Supervised Learning?

Supervised learning relies on labeled datasets to learn a direct mapping from inputs to outputs. Example: Image classification
Self-supervised learning leverages the structure within the data to create a learning signal, enabling the model to learn representations that can be used for various tasks without the need for explicit labels. Example: LLM

Transfer learning

First, pre-train a large self-supervised model and then fine-tune it on a small labeled dataset using supervised learning.
Example: pre-train a large language model on hundreds of billions of words, and then fine-tune it on 20K reviews to specialize it for sentiment analysis.

In-context learning

LLM Usage

These are the most used cases for which LLM has been used in descending order[1].
Cluster 1: Discussing software errors and solutions
Cluster 2: Inquiries about Al tools, software design, and programming
Cluster 3: Geography, travel, and global cultural inquiries
Cluster 4: Requests for summarizing and elaborating texts
Cluster 5: Creating and improving business strategies and products
Cluster 6: Requests for Python coding assistance and examples
Cluster 7: Requests for text translation, rewriting, and summarization
Cluster 8: Role-playing various characters in conversations
Cluster 9: Requests for explicit and erotic storytelling
Cluster 10: Answering questions based on passages
Cluster 11: Discussing and describing various characters
Cluster 12: Generating brief sentences for various job roles
Cluster 13: Role-playing and capabilities of Al chatbots
Cluster 14: Requesting introductions for various chemical companies
Cluster 15: Explicit sexual fantasies and role-playing scenarios
Cluster 16: Generating and interpreting SQL queries from data
Cluster 17: Discussing toxic behavior across different identities
Cluster 18: Requests for Python coding examples and outputs
Cluster 19: Determining factual consistency in document summaries
Cluster 20: Inquiries about specific plant growth conditions

List of topics of the course

Lecture-2: N-gram LM

source: UMass CS685 S24 (Advanced NLP) #2: N-gram language models (youtube.com)

Timestamp

00:02:30 Background
00:08:10 Probabilistic Language Model
00:16:50 Markov Assumption
00:31:23 Comparing Unigram, Bigram,...Ngram models
00:47:50 Infini-gram: a state-of-the-art n-gram model on I.4T tokens
00:53:50 LM Evaluation
00:57:00 Perplexity
01:05:26 Notion of Sparsity
01:08:50 Smoothing

Lecture notes

Ngram models

What is the difference between word type and word token?

A word type is the abstract concept of a word, while a word token is a specific instance of that word in use. The sentence "A rose is a rose is a rose" contains three word types ("a," "rose," and "is") but nine-word tokens, as each word is counted every time it appears.

Evaluation: How good is our model?

Perplexity

Quote

Lower perplexity = Better model

Lecture 3: Neural language models (forward propagation)

source: https://www.youtube.com/live/qESAY4AE2IQ?si=-PP8gOS4ZX-8oiNh

Timestamp

00:03:14 Ngram model shortcomings
00:15:35 One hot vector in the Ngram model
00:20:10 Neural Language Model Introduction
00:26:53 Composing Word embeddings
00:43:33 Probability of word distribution by Softmax function
00:47:01 Neural network output layer
00:49:31 Composite functions for the prefix
00:52:20 Fixed window language model
00:57:57 Concatenation-based Neural model vs. Ngram model
01:01:12 RNN (Recurrent Neural Networks) Language model

Lecture notes

Issues with the Ngram model

  1. Sparsity
  2. Space
  3. No context of the words

Concatenation LM

Improvements over n-gram LM:

RNN

RNN Advantages:

RNN Disadvantages:

Lecture-4: Neural Language Model (Backpropagation)

source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MEVlSXJUBzI

Timestamp

00:02:05 Recap on Forward propagation
00:10:40 Train a Neural LM
00:20:25 Minimizing Loss
00:30:30 Hyperparameter

Lecture notes


  1. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.11998.pdf ↩︎

Thoughts 🤔 by Soumendra Kumar Sahoo is licensed under CC BY 4.0